Global Carbon Budget 2025

Published: May 13, 2026

Citation: Friedlingstein et al., Global Carbon Budget 2025. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026

Data: Global Carbon Project. (2025). Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2025 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2025

Changelog:

total anthropogenic CO₂ emissions of 11.6 ± 0.9 GtC/year (42.4 ± 3.2 GtCO₂/year)
2024 fossil emissions increased by 1.1% relative to 2023 to 10.3 ± 0.5 GtC/year (including the cement carbonation sink, 0.2 GtC/year)
2024 global atmospheric CO₂ concentration: 422.8 ± 0.1 ppm
remaining carbon budget for a 50 % likelihood to limit global warming to 1.5, 1.7, and 2 °C has been reduced to 50 GtC (170 GtCO₂), 145 GtC (525 GtCO₂) and 290 GtC (1055 GtCO₂)

Global Carbon Budget 2025

Preview of Global Carbon Budget journal article

ICOS Archive

2025 Global Budget

2025 National Fossil Carbon Emissions

2025 National Landuse Change Emissions

Fossil fuel and cement production emissions by fuel type

All values in billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/yr), except the per capita emissions which are in tonnes of carbon per person per year (tC/person/yr). For values in billion tonnes of CO2 per year, multiply the values below by 3.664
1 billion tonnes C = 1 petagram of carbon (10^15 gC) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2
Methods: Full details of the method are described in Friedlingstein et al (2025) and Andrew and Peters (2025). Full country and fuel data can be found at https://zenodo.org/records/17417124
The uncertainty for the global estimates is about ±5 % for a ± 1 sigma confidence level.

Cite as: Friedlingstein et al. (2025; see summary tab)

fossil.emissions.excluding.carbonation

1850

1900

1950

2000

MtC

Coal

1850

1900

1950

2000

MtC

Oil

1850

1900

1950

2000

MtC

Gas

1850

1900

1950

2000

0.5

1.5

MtC

Cement.emission

1850

1900

1950

2000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

MtC

Flaring

1850

1900

1950

2000

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

MtC

Other

1850

1900

1950

2000

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

MtC

Per.Capita

1850

1900

1950

2000

0.5

Unit MtC/year, tC/person/year

Year	fossil.emissions.excluding.carbonation	Coal	Oil	Gas	Cement.emission	Flaring	Other	Per.Capita
1850	0.0537	0.0537	0	0	0	0	0	0.0425
1851	0.0543	0.0543	0	0	0	0	0	0.0427
1852	0.0567	0.0567	0	0	0	0	0	0.0444
1853	0.0593	0.0593	0	0	0	0	0	0.0462
1854	0.0696	0.0696	0	0	0	0	0	0.0540
1855	0.0710	0.0710	0.0000	0	0	0	0	0.0548
1856	0.0759	0.0759	0.0000	0	0	0	0	0.0583
1857	0.0767	0.0767	0.0000	0	0	0	0	0.0587
1858	0.0779	0.0779	0.0000	0	0	0	0	0.0593
1859	0.0826	0.0826	0.0000	0	0	0	0	0.0625
1860	0.0907	0.0906	0.0001	0	0	0	0	0.0683
1861	0.0953	0.0950	0.0003	0	0	0	0	0.0714
1862	0.0972	0.0968	0.0004	0	0	0	0	0.0724
1863	0.1036	0.1032	0.0004	0	0	0	0	0.0768
1864	0.1118	0.1115	0.0003	0	0	0	0	0.0824
1865	0.1187	0.1183	0.0004	0	0	0	0	0.0871
1866	0.1226	0.1220	0.0005	0	0	0	0	0.0895
1867	0.1312	0.1307	0.0005	0	0	0	0	0.0953
1868	0.1350	0.1343	0.0006	0	0	0	0	0.0975
1869	0.1432	0.1425	0.0007	0	0	0	0	0.1029
1870	0.1463	0.1455	0.0009	0	0	0	0	0.1046
1871	0.1555	0.1546	0.0009	0	0	0	0	0.1106
1872	0.1722	0.1712	0.0010	0	0	0	0	0.1218
1873	0.1830	0.1814	0.0015	0	0	0	0	0.1288
1874	0.1716	0.1699	0.0017	0	0	0	0	0.1201
1875	0.1859	0.1843	0.0016	0	0	0	0	0.1294
1876	0.1885	0.1867	0.0018	0	0	0	0	0.1306
1877	0.1921	0.1897	0.0024	0	0	0	0	0.1324
1878	0.1937	0.1909	0.0027	0	0	0	0	0.1327
1879	0.2074	0.2039	0.0035	0	0	0	0	0.1414
1880	0.2342	0.2300	0.0042	0	0.0000	0	0	0.1588
1881	0.2424	0.2376	0.0047	0	0.0001	0	0	0.1634
1882	0.2560	0.2508	0.0052	0.0000	0.0001	0	0	0.1717
1883	0.2723	0.2676	0.0045	0.0001	0.0001	0	0	0.1816
1884	0.2756	0.2702	0.0050	0.0003	0.0001	0	0	0.1828
1885	0.2777	0.2714	0.0052	0.0010	0.0001	0	0	0.1832
1886	0.2819	0.2738	0.0060	0.0021	0.0001	0	0	0.1849
1887	0.2959	0.2862	0.0064	0.0032	0.0002	0	0	0.1930
1888	0.3279	0.3164	0.0067	0.0046	0.0001	0	0	0.2126
1889	0.3281	0.3168	0.0078	0.0033	0.0002	0	0	0.2116
1890	0.3568	0.3440	0.0095	0.0032	0.0002	0	0	0.2288
1891	0.3738	0.3600	0.0111	0.0024	0.0002	0	0	0.2383
1892	0.3768	0.3635	0.0110	0.0021	0.0002	0	0	0.2388
1893	0.3720	0.3583	0.0116	0.0020	0.0002	0	0	0.2344
1894	0.3854	0.3720	0.0114	0.0018	0.0002	0	0	0.2415
1895	0.4083	0.3929	0.0132	0.0019	0.0002	0	0	0.2543
1896	0.4218	0.4054	0.0143	0.0019	0.0002	0	0	0.2611
1897	0.4417	0.4243	0.0152	0.0020	0.0002	0	0	0.2719
1898	0.4659	0.4477	0.0156	0.0023	0.0003	0	0	0.2850
1899	0.5088	0.4891	0.0164	0.0030	0.0004	0	0	0.3094
1900	0.5357	0.5138	0.0184	0.0032	0.0004	0	0	0.3238
1901	0.5528	0.5285	0.0204	0.0035	0.0005	0	0	0.3321
1902	0.5669	0.5405	0.0221	0.0037	0.0006	0	0	0.3382
1903	0.6181	0.5901	0.0234	0.0040	0.0007	0	0	0.3662
1904	0.6251	0.5935	0.0262	0.0041	0.0008	0	0.0005	0.3677
1905	0.6661	0.6334	0.0265	0.0047	0.0010	0	0.0005	0.3890
1906	0.6957	0.6620	0.0267	0.0052	0.0012	0	0.0006	0.4033
1907	0.7928	0.7530	0.0326	0.0054	0.0013	0	0.0006	0.4562
1908	0.7616	0.7192	0.0351	0.0054	0.0013	0	0.0005	0.4349
1909	0.7934	0.7480	0.0367	0.0064	0.0017	0	0.0006	0.4497
1910	0.8325	0.7838	0.0393	0.0068	0.0019	0	0.0006	0.4684
1911	0.8453	0.7940	0.0417	0.0070	0.0020	0	0.0006	0.4722
1912	0.8881	0.8347	0.0429	0.0077	0.0021	0	0.0006	0.4926
1913	0.9620	0.9013	0.0497	0.0081	0.0023	0	0.0007	0.5299
1914	0.8727	0.8109	0.0508	0.0082	0.0022	0	0.0006	0.4773
1915	0.8592	0.7937	0.0539	0.0087	0.0022	0	0.0007	0.4666
1916	0.9280	0.8558	0.0587	0.0105	0.0023	0	0.0007	0.5003
1917	0.9707	0.8913	0.0653	0.0111	0.0023	0	0.0007	0.5195
1918	0.9569	0.8777	0.0669	0.0100	0.0018	0	0.0006	0.5083
1919	0.8300	0.7424	0.0746	0.0104	0.0020	0	0.0006	0.4375
1920	0.9680	0.8550	0.0985	0.0114	0.0025	0	0.0006	0.5062
1921	0.8502	0.7293	0.1084	0.0096	0.0024	0	0.0005	0.4410
1922	0.8910	0.7569	0.1196	0.0109	0.0029	0	0.0007	0.4583
1923	1.0106	0.8596	0.1325	0.0143	0.0034	0	0.0007	0.5153
1924	1.0142	0.8613	0.1321	0.0163	0.0037	0	0.0007	0.5126
1925	1.0209	0.8607	0.1380	0.0174	0.0039	0	0.0008	0.5113
1926	1.0037	0.8417	0.1382	0.0189	0.0040	0	0.0008	0.4980
1927	1.0952	0.9182	0.1512	0.0207	0.0042	0	0.0008	0.5385
1928	1.0907	0.9027	0.1549	0.0226	0.0097	0	0.0008	0.5313
1929	1.1704	0.9618	0.1697	0.0281	0.0101	0	0.0008	0.5647
1930	1.0803	0.8778	0.1637	0.0284	0.0097	0	0.0006	0.5164
1931	0.9660	0.7733	0.1584	0.0254	0.0084	0	0.0005	0.4574
1932	0.8713	0.6884	0.1517	0.0241	0.0067	0	0.0004	0.4085
1933	0.9178	0.7202	0.1658	0.0248	0.0065	0	0.0004	0.4259
1934	0.9979	0.7862	0.1757	0.0278	0.0078	0	0.0004	0.4584
1935	1.0469	0.8183	0.1889	0.0304	0.0087	0	0.0005	0.4760
1936	1.1485	0.8973	0.2056	0.0343	0.0106	0	0.0007	0.5169
1937	1.2273	0.9460	0.2311	0.0384	0.0111	0	0.0007	0.5470
1938	1.1544	0.8817	0.2246	0.0370	0.0105	0	0.0006	0.5095
1939	1.2200	0.9377	0.2332	0.0386	0.0097	0	0.0008	0.5335
1940	1.3331	1.0359	0.2459	0.0419	0.0086	0	0.0009	0.5778
1941	1.3644	1.0606	0.2490	0.0419	0.0118	0	0.0011	0.5866
1942	1.3599	1.0673	0.2357	0.0453	0.0105	0	0.0011	0.5804
1943	1.3852	1.0717	0.2529	0.0499	0.0095	0	0.0012	0.5874
1944	1.4090	1.0560	0.2917	0.0539	0.0062	0	0.0012	0.5937
1945	1.1707	0.8187	0.2854	0.0591	0.0063	0	0.0011	0.4901
1946	1.2578	0.8832	0.3025	0.0611	0.0099	0	0.0011	0.5231
1947	1.4097	0.9889	0.3402	0.0677	0.0118	0	0.0012	0.5819
1948	1.4869	1.0209	0.3741	0.0765	0.0141	0	0.0013	0.6087
1949	1.4203	0.9681	0.3531	0.0820	0.0159	0	0.0011	0.5760
1950	1.6186	1.0589	0.4235	0.0964	0.0183	0.0201	0.0014	0.6492
1951	1.7417	1.1147	0.4695	0.1136	0.0207	0.0218	0.0015	0.6865
1952	1.7652	1.0999	0.4965	0.1220	0.0220	0.0233	0.0015	0.6831
1953	1.8152	1.1084	0.5289	0.1295	0.0244	0.0222	0.0018	0.6891
1954	1.8531	1.1064	0.5607	0.1368	0.0265	0.0212	0.0016	0.6899
1955	2.0317	1.1971	0.6276	0.1494	0.0293	0.0264	0.0019	0.7414
1956	2.1633	1.2577	0.6821	0.1603	0.0318	0.0295	0.0019	0.7739
1957	2.2342	1.2805	0.7129	0.1765	0.0334	0.0290	0.0019	0.7832
1958	2.2974	1.2995	0.7421	0.1926	0.0354	0.0260	0.0017	0.7891
1959	2.4168	1.3521	0.7909	0.2069	0.0396	0.0250	0.0023	0.8148
1960	2.5619	1.4078	0.8515	0.2278	0.0430	0.0243	0.0075	0.8496
1961	2.5696	1.3494	0.9031	0.2408	0.0448	0.0235	0.0080	0.8384
1962	2.6603	1.3451	0.9711	0.2641	0.0481	0.0235	0.0083	0.8517
1963	2.8021	1.3941	1.0381	0.2857	0.0508	0.0247	0.0087	0.8776
1964	2.9543	1.4228	1.1202	0.3147	0.0563	0.0308	0.0095	0.9050
1965	3.0870	1.4435	1.2035	0.3359	0.0591	0.0356	0.0094	0.9258
1966	3.2376	1.4601	1.2988	0.3657	0.0636	0.0395	0.0099	0.9511
1967	3.3399	1.4361	1.3850	0.3911	0.0655	0.0521	0.0102	0.9616
1968	3.5222	1.4519	1.5088	0.4257	0.0697	0.0556	0.0105	0.9935
1969	3.7559	1.5061	1.6317	0.4664	0.0739	0.0666	0.0114	1.0377
1970	4.0664	1.5554	1.8556	0.4888	0.0787	0.0758	0.0121	1.1006
1971	4.2314	1.5557	1.9653	0.5277	0.0827	0.0877	0.0122	1.1224
1972	4.4281	1.5533	2.1192	0.5601	0.0877	0.0947	0.0131	1.1517
1973	4.6608	1.5996	2.2434	0.6012	0.0928	0.1098	0.0141	1.1887
1974	4.6392	1.5987	2.2105	0.6159	0.0930	0.1068	0.0143	1.1608
1975	4.6366	1.6426	2.1848	0.6117	0.0928	0.0919	0.0129	1.1390
1976	4.8751	1.6993	2.3132	0.6438	0.0972	0.1079	0.0137	1.1764
1977	5.0104	1.7399	2.3929	0.6582	0.1017	0.1041	0.0136	1.1879
1978	5.1923	1.7768	2.4928	0.6937	0.1086	0.1065	0.0139	1.2097
1979	5.3244	1.8559	2.5176	0.7282	0.1102	0.0983	0.0143	1.2188
1980	5.2974	1.9064	2.4324	0.7482	0.1109	0.0864	0.0132	1.1911
1981	5.1528	1.8949	2.3153	0.7542	0.1109	0.0647	0.0127	1.1378
1982	5.1118	1.9288	2.2588	0.7373	0.1103	0.0643	0.0124	1.1082
1983	5.1588	1.9840	2.2420	0.7487	0.1128	0.0581	0.0133	1.0982
1984	5.3104	2.0704	2.2486	0.8111	0.1149	0.0510	0.0143	1.1105
1985	5.4981	2.2229	2.2510	0.8433	0.1162	0.0495	0.0152	1.1292
1986	5.5781	2.2548	2.3173	0.8228	0.1206	0.0463	0.0164	1.1250
1987	5.7604	2.3333	2.3415	0.8956	0.1251	0.0445	0.0204	1.1407
1988	5.9822	2.4117	2.4261	0.9378	0.1315	0.0507	0.0244	1.1634
1989	6.0590	2.4093	2.4665	0.9839	0.1343	0.0412	0.0238	1.1575
1990	6.2042	2.3635	2.5099	1.0344	0.1344	0.0701	0.0918	1.1645
1991	6.3334	2.3401	2.6355	1.0512	0.1377	0.0743	0.0946	1.1688
1992	6.1464	2.2820	2.4985	1.0648	0.1435	0.0654	0.0921	1.1163
1993	6.2090	2.3117	2.5034	1.0938	0.1500	0.0634	0.0867	1.1104
1994	6.2704	2.3236	2.5099	1.1027	0.1601	0.0854	0.0886	1.1048
1995	6.4183	2.3904	2.5338	1.1454	0.1693	0.0885	0.0909	1.1145
1996	6.6139	2.4500	2.6098	1.1959	0.1729	0.0951	0.0902	1.1321
1997	6.6540	2.4365	2.6480	1.1995	0.1798	0.0957	0.0945	1.1231
1998	6.6309	2.3715	2.6807	1.2127	0.1792	0.0914	0.0954	1.1039
1999	6.7789	2.4042	2.7468	1.2517	0.1878	0.0896	0.0988	1.1133
2000	6.9627	2.4991	2.7870	1.2903	0.1960	0.0943	0.0960	1.1282
2001	7.0123	2.5132	2.8067	1.3023	0.2049	0.0912	0.0940	1.1211
2002	7.1685	2.6283	2.8028	1.3411	0.2126	0.0882	0.0955	1.1311
2003	7.5471	2.8566	2.8769	1.3909	0.2340	0.0937	0.0950	1.1755
2004	7.8084	2.9513	2.9816	1.4350	0.2445	0.0932	0.1029	1.2007
2005	8.0783	3.1382	3.0105	1.4673	0.2639	0.0946	0.1039	1.2264
2006	8.3499	3.3123	3.0412	1.5096	0.2858	0.0946	0.1065	1.2516
2007	8.5970	3.4728	3.0525	1.5657	0.3074	0.0934	0.1052	1.2722
2008	8.7472	3.5889	3.0413	1.6118	0.3104	0.0911	0.1037	1.2780
2009	8.6007	3.5489	2.9748	1.5736	0.3195	0.0897	0.0942	1.2406
2010	9.0933	3.7986	3.0714	1.6937	0.3417	0.0927	0.0951	1.2950
2011	9.4105	4.0132	3.0868	1.7438	0.3670	0.0972	0.1024	1.3234
2012	9.5400	4.0578	3.1203	1.7803	0.3759	0.1021	0.1036	1.3248
2013	9.6277	4.0811	3.1432	1.7940	0.3934	0.1043	0.1118	1.3203
2014	9.6795	4.0979	3.1555	1.8027	0.4073	0.1047	0.1113	1.3113
2015	9.6625	3.9997	3.2123	1.8365	0.3932	0.1040	0.1167	1.2934
2016	9.6596	3.9091	3.2479	1.8872	0.4029	0.1014	0.1111	1.2780
2017	9.8184	3.9558	3.2984	1.9336	0.4094	0.1049	0.1164	1.2842
2018	10.0257	4.0291	3.3141	2.0249	0.4222	0.1103	0.1250	1.2970
2019	10.1219	4.0128	3.3641	2.0672	0.4410	0.1180	0.1189	1.2958
2020	9.5956	3.8938	2.9837	2.0526	0.4432	0.1092	0.1130	1.2166
2021	10.0619	4.0855	3.1422	2.1503	0.4549	0.1098	0.1192	1.2649
2022	10.2423	4.2165	3.2519	2.1176	0.4309	0.1089	0.1166	1.2769
2023	10.3968	4.2676	3.3510	2.1296	0.4204	0.1123	0.1160	1.2849
2024	10.5345	4.3137	3.4035	2.1861	0.4020	0.1135	0.1158	1.2907

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