Global Carbon Budget 2025

Published: May 13, 2026

Citation: Friedlingstein et al., Global Carbon Budget 2025. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026

Data: Global Carbon Project. (2025). Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2025 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2025

Changelog:
  • total anthropogenic CO₂ emissions of 11.6 ± 0.9 GtC/year (42.4 ± 3.2 GtCO₂/year)
  • 2024 fossil emissions increased by 1.1% relative to 2023 to 10.3 ± 0.5 GtC/year (including the cement carbonation sink, 0.2 GtC/year)
  • 2024 global atmospheric CO₂ concentration: 422.8 ± 0.1 ppm
  • remaining carbon budget for a 50 % likelihood to limit global warming to 1.5, 1.7, and 2 °C has been reduced to 50 GtC (170 GtCO₂), 145 GtC (525 GtCO₂) and 290 GtC (1055 GtCO₂)
Global Carbon Budget 2025
Preview of Global Carbon Budget journal article
ICOS Archive
Preview of ICOS website
2025 Global Budget
2025 National Fossil Carbon Emissions
2025 National Landuse Change Emissions

Growth in atmospheric CO2

All values in billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/yr)
1 billion tonnes C = 1 petagram of carbon (10^15 gC) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2
Methods: GCB (NOAA), GRESO OCO2, Inversions.…
The uncertainty for the global estimates is
Cite as: Friedlingstein et al (2025; see summary tab)

GCB

GCB

1960
1980
2000
2020
2
3
4
5
6
7
GtC

GRESO

1960
1980
2000
2020
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
GtC

Inversions mean

1960
1980
2000
2020
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
GtC

Unit GtC/year

YearGCBGRESOInversions mean
19592.0390--
19601.5080--
19611.6567--
19621.1894--
19631.2107--
19641.0408--
19652.3364--
19662.3364--
19671.2956--
19682.1028--
19692.8037--
19702.4001--
19711.5505--
19723.1223--
19733.1010--
19741.4443--
19752.6125--
19762.0603--
19774.0781--
19782.7400--
19794.5454--
19803.5683--
19812.4426--
19822.1028--
19833.9082--
19842.6125--
19853.5046--
19862.1665--
19875.6286--
19884.6091--
19893.1010--
19902.5913--
19911.5930--
19921.5293--
19932.6125--
19943.5258--
19954.2480--
19962.2302--
19974.1843--
19986.0322--
19992.8462--
20002.6550--
20013.9294-3.6010
20025.0126-4.9647
20034.8640-4.7977
20043.3134-3.4506
20055.2463-5.2433
20063.7807-3.6455
20074.5241-4.7098
20083.7595-3.4586
20093.3559-3.6913
20105.0126-5.1183
20113.6958-3.6417
20125.1188-5.4797
20135.2038-5.1479
20144.3117-4.1817
20156.26586.37206.0781
20166.03225.75605.9587
20174.54544.35424.5101
20185.07645.24634.9479
20195.31005.84105.7733
20204.94894.90645.0768
20215.03394.86404.9943
20224.86404.07814.1550
20235.73486.49946.4104
20247.92256.79687.0841
Download CSV: global-carbon-budget-2025-atmospheric-growth-gcb.csv

Individual Inversions

CarboScope

1960
1980
2000
2020
2
3
4
5
6
GtC

NISMON-insitu

1960
1980
2000
2020
2
3
4
5
6
7
GtC

CT-NOAA

1960
1980
2000
2020
3
4
5
6
7
GtC

CTE

1960
1980
2000
2020
4
5
6
7
GtC

MIROC

1960
1980
2000
2020
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
GtC

UoE

1960
1980
2000
2020
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
GtC

NISMON-Satellite

1960
1980
2000
2020
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
GtC

NTFVAR

1960
1980
2000
2020
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
GtC

CAMS-Satellite

1960
1980
2000
2020
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
GtC

CMS-Flux

1960
1980
2000
2020
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
GtC

COLA

1960
1980
2000
2020
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
GtC

GCASv2

1960
1980
2000
2020
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
GtC

GONGGA

1960
1980
2000
2020
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
GtC

THU

1960
1980
2000
2020
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
GtC

Unit GtC/year

YearCarboScopeNISMON-insituCT-NOAACTEMIROCUoENISMON-SatelliteNTFVARCAMS-SatelliteCMS-FluxCOLAGCASv2GONGGATHU
1959--------------
1960--------------
1961--------------
1962--------------
1963--------------
1964--------------
1965--------------
1966--------------
1967--------------
1968--------------
1969--------------
1970--------------
1971--------------
1972--------------
1973--------------
1974--------------
1975--------------
19761.6644-------------
19774.5978-------------
19782.1872-------------
19794.2963-------------
19803.3364-------------
19812.5110-------------
19821.7120-------------
19835.0559-------------
19842.3441-------------
19852.8145-------------
19862.8325-------------
19874.9599-------------
19884.0269-------------
19892.6943-------------
19903.05443.1236------------
19912.19951.7761------------
19921.58281.7017------------
19932.68522.3227------------
19944.11913.8024------------
19954.20874.0737------------
19962.41572.4912------------
19974.14224.4111------------
19985.60515.1452------------
19992.81853.0089------------
20003.06372.97142.4116-----------
20013.87983.70123.50453.57063.61953.3305--------
20025.03355.28364.99304.33525.03285.1098--------
20034.78224.63094.94275.12584.80534.4993--------
20043.51133.48623.20173.65273.42293.4289--------
20055.24125.03255.26065.15005.30485.4708--------
20063.48123.31233.57774.09283.73083.6778--------
20074.30195.02255.03374.66564.64764.5876--------
20083.95643.60843.09383.07663.62853.3875--------
20093.72633.74164.05333.58253.43743.6064--------
20105.15415.07045.19165.25755.11675.12775.10454.9235------
20113.66683.59443.46033.62783.69533.45133.50944.1280------
20125.41735.36425.58035.40955.26395.49895.87365.4295------
20135.34535.02815.18765.24385.15734.82135.28745.1126------
20144.25003.94514.55993.72424.30994.38393.71844.5622------
20156.37476.34006.13885.95816.26316.07215.73266.18576.19246.04775.93635.78586.04216.0240
20165.83565.66135.78256.23525.98625.94826.22295.77865.78665.86016.03526.06506.08826.1361
20174.52454.58854.41774.67004.59314.54114.66514.78044.31994.55414.48514.36254.30114.3380
20185.20644.80374.98044.76944.91824.92624.79505.16875.11095.00355.02604.81665.02624.7195
20195.84126.15355.66295.96705.81875.57075.67225.74195.43145.69385.70415.70295.79076.0757
20204.95704.97385.07875.12265.43405.41605.44724.79604.97375.12715.11594.72534.93604.9718
20214.74524.87444.92865.18465.27574.56774.53285.04185.27394.91255.14365.40745.00775.0246
20224.20203.98624.18254.16324.55624.50524.00594.13524.08124.03793.89713.95924.20524.2530
20236.66746.76416.56785.91386.14906.03307.09676.90036.22576.46546.50996.31956.01306.1198
20246.82047.49377.87227.35326.38136.73337.37106.69626.77217.05537.38166.97887.04337.2253
Download CSV: global-carbon-budget-2025-atmospheric-growth-individual-inversions.csv