Global Carbon Budget 2018

A newer version of this dataset is available. The latest version available on Openclimatedata is 2025.

Published: December 5, 2018

Citation: Le Quéré et al., Global Carbon Budget 2018. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018

Data: Global Carbon Project. (2018). Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2018 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2018

Changelog:
  • 2017 growth in fossil CO₂ emissions was about 1.6%, an increase to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC/year
  • 2017 global atmospheric CO₂ concentration: 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm

Ocean CO₂ sink (positive values represent a flux from the atmosphere to the ocean)

All values in billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/yr), for the globe. For values in billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year (GtCO2/yr), multiply the numbers below by 3.664.
1 billion tonnes C = 1 petagram of carbon (10^15 gC) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2
Methods: The ocean sink (uncertainty of ±0.5 GtC/yr) is estimated from the average of several global ocean biogeochemistry models that reproduce the observed mean ocean sink of the 1990s.
Cite individual estimates as:
Model results used to compute the annual values:
  • CCSM-BEC Doney, S. C., Lima, I., Feely, R. A., Glover, D. M., Lindsay, K., Mahowald, N., Moore, J. K., and Wanninkhof, R.: Mechanisms governing interannual variability in upper-ocean inorganic carbon system and air–sea CO2 fluxes: Physical climate and atmospheric dust, Deep-Sea Res Pt Ii, 56, 640-655, 2009.
  • NorESM-OC Schwinger, J., Goris, N., Tjiputra, J. F., Kriest, I., Bentsen, M., Bethke, I., Ilicak, M., Assmann, K. M., and Heinze, C.: Evaluation of NorESM-OC (versions 1 and 1.2), the ocean carbon-cycle stand-alone configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1), Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2589-2622, 2016.
  • MITgcm-REcoM2 Hauck, J., Kohler, P., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Volker, C.: Iron fertilisation and century-scale effects of open ocean dissolution of olivine in a simulated CO2 removal experiment, Environmental Research Letters, 11, 024007, 2016.
  • MPIOM-HAMOCC Mauritsen, T., Bader, J., Becker, T., Behrens, J., Bittner, M., Brokopf, R., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Crueger, T., Esch, M., Fast, I., Fiedler, S., Popke, D., Gayler, V., Giorgetta, M., Goll, D., Haak, H., Hagemann, S., Hedemann, C., Hohenegger, C., Ilyina, T., Jahns, T., Jimenez Cuesta de la Otero, D., Jungclaus, J., Kleinen, T., Kloster, S., Kracher, D., Kinne, S., Kleberg, D., Lasslop, G., Kornblueh, L., Marotzke, J., Matei, D., Meraner, K., Mikolajewicz, U., Modali, K., Möbis, B., Müller, W., Nabel, J.E.M.S., Nam, C., Notz, D., Nyawira, S., Paulsen, H., Peters, K., Pincus, R., Pohlmann, H., Pongratz, J., Popp, M., Raddatz, T., Rast, S., Redler, R., Reick, C., Rohrschneider, T., Schemann, V., Schmidt, H., Schnur, R., Schulzweida, U., Six, K., Stein, L., Stemmler, I., Stevens, B., von Storch, J., Tian, F., Voigt, A., de Vrese, P., Wieners, K.-H., Wilkenskjeld, S., Roeckner, E. & Winkler, A. (in review). Developments in the MPI-M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI-ESM1.2) and its response to increasing CO2.
  • NEMO3.6-PISCESv2-gas (CNRM) Berthet, S., Séférian, R., Bricaud, C., Chevallier, M., Voldoire, A., Ethé, C. : On the benefits of increasing resolution for biogeochemistry climate modelling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, submitted.
  • NEMO-PISCES (IPSL) Aumont, O. and Bopp, L.: Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB2017, 2006.
  • NEMO-PlankTOM5 Buitenhuis, E. T., Rivkin, R. B., Sailley, S., and Le Quéré, C.: Biogeochemical fluxes through microzooplankton, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 24, 2010.
Data products used to evaluate the results:
  • Landschützer Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., and Bakker, D. C. E.: Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1396–1417, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005359, 2016
  • Rödenbeck Rödenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Metzl, N., Olsen, A., Sabine, C., Cassar, N., Reum, F., Keeling, R. F., and Heimann, M.: Interannual sea–air CO2 flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme, Biogeosciences, 11, 4599-4613, 2014.
Note: the data products include a pre-industrial steady state source of CO2 (of about 0.78 GtC/yr) and therefore are not directly comparable with the ocean model results.

GCB

GCB

1960
1980
2000
1
1.5
2
2.5
GtC

Unit GtC/year

YearGCB
19590.8524
19600.8190
19610.7148
19620.7567
19630.9050
19641.1418
19651.2928
19661.2767
19671.0702
19681.1007
19691.1387
19701.0879
19711.1553
19721.3726
19731.3803
19741.2889
19751.3607
19761.3709
19771.4771
19781.4947
19791.2957
19801.6487
19811.6073
19821.6744
19831.8285
19841.7490
19851.6900
19861.7886
19871.8128
19881.7060
19891.7129
19901.8407
19911.9198
19922.1554
19932.0727
19941.9541
19951.8959
19961.8361
19971.9178
19982.0885
19991.9687
20001.9083
20011.7733
20022.1268
20032.1601
20042.0814
20052.1316
20062.2064
20072.2941
20082.1949
20092.2977
20102.2344
20112.4110
20122.4597
20132.4926
20142.5565
20152.5803
20162.6364
20172.5065

Individual Models

CCSM-BEC

1960
1980
2000
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
GtC

MITgcm-REcoM2

1960
1980
2000
0.5
1
1.5
2
GtC

MPIOM-HAMOCC

1960
1980
2000
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
GtC

NEMO-PISCES (IPSL)

1960
1980
2000
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
GtC

NEMO-PlankTOM5

1960
1980
2000
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
GtC

NEMO3.6-PISCESv2-gas (CNRM)

1960
1980
2000
1
1.5
2
2.5
GtC

NorESM-OC

1960
1980
2000
1.5
2
2.5
3
GtC

Unit GtC/year

YearCCSM-BECMITgcm-REcoM2MPIOM-HAMOCCNEMO-PISCES (IPSL)NEMO-PlankTOM5NEMO3.6-PISCESv2-gas (CNRM)NorESM-OC
19591.02830.43000.83600.49800.88601.11001.1783
19600.81480.57000.79340.50700.91900.98001.1489
19610.72220.43000.78790.41400.87700.70001.0728
19620.68650.58000.75080.38200.97400.67001.2537
19630.82040.71000.81480.57801.11400.87001.4278
19641.13110.77001.00710.93701.33501.28001.5321
19651.32730.84001.13220.95801.52701.55001.7153
19661.34560.88001.07690.94801.58301.38001.7234
19671.09640.75000.87960.76901.28001.19001.5264
19681.00220.92001.02690.69601.25901.22001.5806
19691.10920.93000.85010.95501.38401.06001.6824
19700.99730.79001.05490.86001.17501.17001.5680
19711.10000.96001.06810.84701.26601.23001.6157
19721.40691.10001.19521.11601.62501.29001.8751
19731.22631.01001.13841.26901.69701.40001.9215
19741.13721.12001.15671.00001.43001.31001.8684
19751.23191.10001.24711.16301.63101.34001.8120
19761.25621.05001.03491.19201.67101.41001.9824
19771.52451.00001.24451.32901.75001.44002.0520
19781.46401.06001.40651.40101.71401.42001.9972
19790.96381.03000.99191.22701.55501.45001.8523
19801.50931.44001.49541.55801.76401.62002.1540
19811.48341.50001.52201.39701.67701.51002.1615
19821.50821.49001.34001.64301.83601.69002.2139
19831.73941.59001.51011.81802.06601.68002.3958
19841.60311.48001.59841.60801.84901.76002.3444
19851.38241.51001.39351.68901.94401.59002.3211
19861.45371.62001.65631.76201.92301.72002.3852
19871.38831.62001.54211.80602.01301.99002.3303
19881.42061.63001.67831.69801.80101.50002.2141
19891.31291.55001.53971.70301.88601.66002.3388
19901.46951.61001.72451.84001.98301.89002.3677
19911.57701.71001.73361.92202.06602.02002.4101
19921.89771.87001.94192.12402.21002.37002.6740
19931.75791.77001.76162.07802.19202.29002.6594
19941.62411.70001.88631.93201.97402.06002.5025
19951.48551.84001.80341.84501.89901.99002.4083
19961.46451.79001.86681.77601.74901.87002.3367
19971.49631.79001.63801.98302.00902.08002.4286
19981.66861.99001.61992.35302.38902.14002.4587
19991.50111.88001.75942.07002.09301.97002.5077
20001.47551.86001.88911.80101.85901.98002.4935
20011.36711.59001.71661.74801.72401.86002.4074
20021.77982.06002.20212.20302.09901.90002.6440
20031.71131.98002.06842.22502.10202.26002.7738
20041.63821.98002.02382.15702.04102.04002.6896
20051.65332.04002.07222.23502.16102.04002.7199
20061.69242.13002.05622.37002.22602.14002.8302
20071.75692.29002.27682.41502.33502.23002.7551
20081.50202.23002.04452.32302.21902.17002.8760
20091.72392.18002.29142.42202.30302.40002.7636
20101.72082.02001.98322.47902.29902.40002.7391
20111.86872.39002.52872.50502.36202.32002.9026
20121.94342.27002.25332.64402.63702.42003.0500
20132.05442.24002.32032.70502.54502.53003.0536
20142.00912.40002.39262.83702.53902.59003.1277
20151.91012.44002.31812.90002.53602.71003.2476
20162.07322.49002.48972.96302.50002.74003.1992
20171.94242.28002.40612.81002.49502.47003.1418

Data-based Products

Landschützer

1960
1980
2000
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
GtC

Rödenbeck

1960
1980
2000
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
GtC

Unit GtC/year

YearLandschützerRödenbeck
1959--
1960--
1961--
1962--
1963--
1964--
1965--
1966--
1967--
1968--
1969--
1970--
1971--
1972--
1973--
1974--
1975--
1976--
1977--
1978--
1979--
1980--
1981--
19821.27251.7900
19831.31491.6300
19841.36351.8400
19851.30651.8800
19861.35351.8200
19871.44411.5900
19881.27441.6800
19891.19341.4900
19901.27401.5800
19911.35741.9200
19921.40912.3300
19931.42402.0300
19941.31631.5100
19951.13461.4900
19961.02441.3800
19971.21851.6300
19981.00721.9800
19990.76471.5700
20000.76061.3300
20010.76550.9600
20021.03201.8300
20031.25942.0400
20041.30302.1000
20051.42631.8100
20061.56431.7700
20071.59721.5700
20081.67591.5800
20091.85941.9900
20101.81742.1500
20111.90852.1400
20121.98972.1600
20131.84292.3700
20141.85402.5500
20152.00472.0700
20162.06072.6400
20172.08282.2400