Global Carbon Budget 2024

Published: March 14, 2025

Citation: Friedlingstein et al., Global Carbon Budget 2024. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025

Data: Global Carbon Project. (2024). Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2024 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2024

Changelog:
  • 2023 total anthropogenic CO₂ emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 ± 0.9 GtC/year (40.6 ± 3.2 GtCO₂/year)
  • 2023 fossil CO₂ emissions increased by 1.3% relative to 2022 to 10.3 ± 0.5 GtC/year (10.1 ± 0.5 GtC/year when the cement carbonation sink is included)
  • 2023 global atmospheric CO₂ concentration: 419.3 ± 0.1 ppm
  • remaining carbon budget for a 50 % likelihood to limit global warming to 1.5, 1.7, and 2 °C has been reduced to 65 GtC (235 GtCO₂), 160 GtC (585 GtCO₂), and 305 GtC (1110 GtCO₂),

Fossil fuel and cement production emissions by fuel type

All values in million tonnes of carbon per year (MtC/yr), except the per capita emissions which are in tonnes of carbon per person per year (tC/person/yr).
For values in million tonnes of CO₂ per year, multiply the values below by 3.664
1MtC = 1 million tonne of carbon = 3.664 million tonnes of CO₂
Methods: Full details of the method are described in Friedlingstein et al (2024) and Andrew and Peters (2024). Full country and fuel data can be found at https://zenodo.org/records/13981696
The uncertainty for the global estimates is about ±5 % for a ± 1 sigma confidence level.
Cite as: Friedlingstein et al (2024; see summary tab)

fossil.emissions.excluding.carbonation

1850
1900
1950
2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
MtC

Coal

1850
1900
1950
2000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
MtC

Oil

1850
1900
1950
2000
0
1000
2000
3000
MtC

Gas

1850
1900
1950
2000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
MtC

Cement.emission

1850
1900
1950
2000
0
100
200
300
400
MtC

Flaring

1850
1900
1950
2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
MtC

Other

1850
1900
1950
2000
0
20
40
60
80
MtC

Per.Capita

1850
1900
1950
2000
0
0.5
1
t

Unit MtC/year, tC/person/year

Yearfossil.emissions.excluding.carbonationCoalOilGasCement.emissionFlaringOtherPer.Capita
185053.724853.7248000000.0425
185154.251854.2518000000.0427
185256.658056.6580000000.0444
185359.289659.2896000000.0462
185469.606669.6066000000.0540
185571.031671.02160.010000000.0548
185675.940475.92940.011000000.0583
185776.741676.72760.014000000.0587
185877.933577.91650.017000000.0593
185982.579782.56470.015000000.0625
186090.692890.61820.074600000.0683
186195.303095.04620.256800000.0714
186297.159196.77740.381700000.0724
1863103.5848103.23190.352900000.0768
1864111.7700111.46710.302900000.0824
1865118.6821118.32190.360200000.0871
1866122.5620122.02920.532700000.0895
1867131.2265130.68480.541700000.0953
1868134.9600134.33540.624700000.0975
1869143.2126142.49910.713500000.1029
1870146.3219145.46680.855100000.1046
1871155.5067154.61100.895700000.1106
1872172.2056171.19631.009300000.1218
1873182.9878181.44041.547300000.1288
1874171.5781169.87421.703900000.1201
1875185.8755184.28301.592600000.1294
1876188.4778186.69401.783800000.1306
1877192.1487189.74052.408200000.1324
1878193.6816190.94142.740200000.1327
1879207.3675203.91253.455000000.1414
1880234.1855229.99244.193100.0000000.1588
1881242.3485237.64274.705700.0001000.1634
1882255.9739250.75995.16890.04500.0001000.1717
1883272.2474267.63974.50360.10400.0001000.1816
1884275.4994270.17885.00050.32000.0001000.1827
1885277.6050271.41665.17431.01400.0001000.1831
1886281.8269273.77565.95622.09500.0001000.1848
1887295.7772286.15136.40873.21700.0002000.1929
1888327.7297316.44296.70864.57800.0001000.2125
1889327.9247316.83477.75293.33700.0002000.2115
1890356.6024343.95529.45703.19000.0002000.2286
1891373.6123360.026311.14382.44200.0002000.2382
1892376.5854363.490010.97332.12200.0002000.2387
1893371.8655358.264311.61201.98900.0002000.2343
1894385.2437372.034311.38121.82800.0002000.2413
1895408.0892392.919613.24741.92200.0002000.2542
1896421.5777405.360714.34791.86900.0002000.2610
1897441.4555424.310715.15561.98900.0002000.2717
1898465.6007447.687815.60362.30900.0003000.2848
1899508.4976489.137316.38402.97600.0004000.3092
1900535.3414513.820918.37013.15000.0004000.3236
1901552.3919528.480520.40103.51000.0005000.3318
1902566.2665540.473622.05433.73800.0006000.3379
1903617.3707590.051923.35303.96500.0007000.3658
1904624.3202593.457326.22284.13900.000800.50050.3673
1905665.1370633.430426.47924.68600.001000.54050.3884
1906694.4557661.964626.71645.19300.001200.58060.4026
1907791.5733752.992932.59365.42500.001300.56050.4554
1908760.2857719.232935.15085.37000.031500.50050.4342
1909791.8033748.037536.67366.42000.031600.64060.4488
1910830.6020783.794239.33036.80000.037000.64060.4674
1911843.3674793.976241.71117.01900.040400.62060.4712
1912886.0472834.731942.89857.72800.048200.64060.4915
1913959.7524901.291549.66708.07800.055300.66060.5286
1914870.5749810.919150.77018.22500.040000.62060.4761
1915857.0624793.737353.92378.69700.043800.66060.4654
1916925.7569855.756458.736210.47400.049500.74070.4991
1917968.3784891.268665.332711.05600.040500.68060.5183
1918955.1546877.700066.87449.96700.032600.58060.5074
1919828.0129742.400174.621210.35700.034000.60060.4365
1920965.5669854.971498.537311.37700.040600.64060.5050
1921847.7577729.2856108.42609.55030.035400.46040.4397
1922888.2267756.9409119.626310.94620.052600.66060.4568
19231007.2865859.6375132.515814.33570.056800.74070.5136
19241010.5833861.3392132.148316.29610.059000.74070.5107
19251020.9153860.7187137.971817.44613.938000.84080.5113
19261003.6592841.7125138.231618.87144.023000.82080.4980
19271095.2367918.2278151.245020.74704.216200.80080.5385
19281090.6964902.7198154.914422.55009.711500.80080.5313
19291170.3634961.7547169.681928.082510.063500.78070.5647
19301080.2664877.7952163.699628.44549.705500.62060.5164
1931965.9717773.2491158.438925.35148.431800.50050.4574
1932871.3405688.4140151.749324.07716.739600.36030.4085
1933917.7629720.1906165.832024.81366.506300.42040.4260
1934997.8677786.1441175.676127.82487.782300.44040.4585
19351046.8730818.3193188.867430.39648.749400.54050.4761
19361148.4527897.2883205.651434.260310.572100.68060.5171
19371227.2695945.9432231.082538.366611.136400.74070.5471
19381154.3721881.6939224.584336.979910.513400.60060.5096
19391220.0149937.6967233.232838.57239.732400.78070.5335
19401333.15051035.8683245.924441.89878.578200.88080.5778
19411364.38121060.5610249.019341.884111.815801.10110.5865
19421359.85921067.2894235.675845.319010.473901.10110.5802
19431385.17281071.6887252.895649.91819.489301.18110.5870
19441408.97561055.9701291.708553.93046.185601.18110.5931
19451170.6639818.7248285.442159.14266.273401.08100.4895
19461257.7912883.1701302.540961.09049.908901.08100.5223
19471409.7177988.8273340.219467.655511.774201.24120.5809
19481486.86811020.9152374.086176.453014.092501.32130.6075
19491420.3153968.1135353.177382.002215.881201.14110.5747
19501618.51631059.4146423.003796.384118.258620.09401.36130.6476
19511741.65631115.1417468.9481113.586720.678521.80001.50140.6848
19521765.13661100.3188496.0008122.019822.037723.29801.46140.6814
19531815.19791108.7308528.5543129.509824.439322.20201.76170.6875
19541853.03741106.6574560.2947136.831326.510321.18231.56150.6884
19552031.63091197.3426627.2824149.353129.322026.42901.90180.7398
19562163.21301257.8973681.8076160.270431.792529.52341.92180.7723
19572234.07341280.5892712.6740176.492933.420229.03531.86180.7817
19582297.26741299.6183741.9719192.639435.396825.95931.68160.7878
19592416.67281352.1156790.6870206.941539.641025.02552.26220.8136
19602561.95701407.6459851.7455227.772742.956824.32877.50740.8485
19612569.60761349.1587903.4094240.734244.799523.53127.97450.8375
19622660.28581344.8762971.4391264.119348.135023.45278.26340.8508
19632802.06671393.85931038.3618285.718450.759924.70158.66580.8768
19642954.27571422.62841120.3904314.660956.265130.78389.54710.9042
19653086.95431443.38181203.6132335.862159.071335.60129.42470.9250
19663237.62181460.02221298.9659365.696163.596239.45589.88560.9504
19673339.89341435.97571385.1123391.110565.472652.069610.15270.9610
19683522.18421451.73491508.9466425.673069.674355.622310.53310.9931
19693755.94581505.92411631.8490466.328073.858066.603411.38311.0374
19704066.35491555.18381855.8342488.757478.671575.803712.10421.1004
19714231.40141555.54881965.5092527.693882.726587.733812.18931.1223
19724428.11041553.19292119.3082560.108787.702294.678313.12021.1517
19734662.96201600.04532244.5209601.669692.8725109.763414.09041.1895
19744642.75971599.59342212.3361616.715292.9992106.817814.29791.1620
19754654.13551647.22052193.5509615.786092.805691.898912.87371.1437
19764909.69221708.67172330.5983651.627497.2226107.921313.65091.1852
19775048.75391750.27242412.5881666.4452101.7703104.115613.56221.1976
19785204.50071780.01692499.1425696.2721108.6382106.491213.93991.2133
19795351.80681863.75642531.0733734.1366110.225598.296414.31871.2259
19805318.92041912.94242442.5778752.9942110.881486.369013.15571.1969
19815191.84081907.58372333.0090762.8930110.885064.732212.73791.1475
19825150.40881940.94542276.8571745.6856110.338464.297012.28531.1177
19835183.38171991.80682253.7815753.6880112.839958.091713.17371.1048
19845362.39122088.15802272.1185821.9247114.963850.969714.25661.1228
19855543.64132238.52642271.6248852.1592116.204549.684815.44161.1403
19865626.35462271.05992339.7851831.5785120.724246.495016.71191.1366
19875799.69282346.73292359.2725902.9691125.288044.669520.76091.1505
19886027.60102427.38272446.0407946.3488131.797550.880225.15111.1744
19896109.89012426.94062488.5667993.8707134.616441.421724.47401.1696
19906203.32652375.15962522.93651038.7970134.926170.631560.87581.1669
19916328.08452351.64202648.37821055.6980138.726274.792958.84721.1705
19926148.51862295.33992513.34881070.3614144.479365.981959.00721.1194
19936210.64062322.86562515.69971098.5551150.711763.807159.00131.1135
19946275.36762336.24032524.81021108.4935160.872985.887259.06351.1086
19956422.51172402.77052548.23441151.2530170.168389.067161.01841.1183
19966620.67892463.17302625.43111202.1581173.682395.635660.59881.1366
19976659.90882450.23172665.01611206.5363180.775196.280761.06881.1276
19986633.12702384.18752697.43481219.3148180.151491.837660.20091.1079
19996783.22262418.87912766.21781259.1709189.050290.058159.84641.1179
20006962.48712511.56352803.19531296.3620197.598194.726859.04141.1323
20017015.90982526.44302824.36751308.5536206.702491.616858.22641.1260
20027171.63452642.23512819.92731347.5336214.305488.600059.03311.1361
20037551.71662870.84582893.90601396.9166235.691594.029360.32751.1811
20047814.54862967.37473001.84801442.2895246.341393.494063.20111.2067
20058082.53113151.59313031.10671474.4919264.271894.947666.11991.2324
20068359.27843328.08153062.50201516.6476288.164594.843169.03981.2587
20078606.61683489.26663071.19091572.1252309.496793.681870.85571.2796
20088753.87523603.09583057.34311617.5551313.588491.354470.93841.2851
20098608.60323560.32352990.32001578.5739322.608590.174066.60321.2479
20109103.68543808.44463090.41581699.7645344.744393.133667.18261.3032
20119417.17744022.35253100.81981750.0095370.863698.059675.07241.3314
20129552.40734068.50093137.11061787.7009380.6667102.910375.51791.3338
20139634.73144094.29813159.89781797.9942397.0055105.152080.38371.3288
20149675.24424098.78503167.67681809.8311410.0647105.540383.34631.3183
20159662.90864003.18893229.16711846.8232396.0580104.804982.86651.3011
20169666.11793912.69933264.99731897.5574406.7684102.082682.01301.2865
20179822.57043961.00283315.88751945.3596411.9795105.698482.64261.2925
201810024.67974024.63023343.11942038.8172424.2662111.107782.73901.3047
201910126.71344010.62483387.54592083.4531442.9913118.794683.30381.3042
20209586.93403893.80042991.45462064.5636447.1262109.458880.53041.2227
202110095.99794130.62273147.09922162.3854462.9663110.652582.27191.2765
202210178.44884144.64123250.44082154.1181436.9879109.992682.26821.2763
202310314.29284203.38963332.10562156.1403428.3149112.156082.18631.2820